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IGCSE經(jīng)濟(jì)知識(shí)點(diǎn)——外部性(externality)概念分析

 

  在IGCSE經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)學(xué)習(xí)中,知識(shí)點(diǎn)以及概念的掌握是我們學(xué)習(xí)和備考中的基礎(chǔ)。下面A+國際教育小編就帶大家了解一個(gè)重要的IGCSE經(jīng)濟(jì)考點(diǎn)——外部性(externality)。外部性(externality)是我們學(xué)習(xí)市場失靈時(shí)講到的一個(gè)重要的概念,很多學(xué)生都覺得這一概念很陌生或者很難理解,所以本篇文章主要會(huì)對外部性的概念和表現(xiàn)進(jìn)行講解。


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IGCSE經(jīng)濟(jì)考點(diǎn)


  1.外部性的概念(Externality)


  Externality is the impact of one person's actions on the well-being of a bystander.


  外部性又稱為溢出效應(yīng),指一個(gè)人或一群人的行動(dòng)和決策使另一個(gè)人或一群人受損或受益的情況。經(jīng)濟(jì)外部性是經(jīng)濟(jì)主體(包括廠商或個(gè)人)的經(jīng)濟(jì)活動(dòng)對他人和社會(huì)造成的有利或不利的影響。


  2.外部性分類


  外部效應(yīng)分為正外部性(positive externality)和負(fù)外部性(negative externality)。正外部性是某個(gè)經(jīng)濟(jì)行為個(gè)體的活動(dòng)使他人或社會(huì)受益,而受益者無須花費(fèi)代價(jià);負(fù)外部性是某個(gè)經(jīng)濟(jì)行為個(gè)體的活動(dòng)使他人或社會(huì)受損,而造成外部不經(jīng)濟(jì)的人卻沒有為此承擔(dān)成本。


  3.外部性分析:成本和收益(Costs and Benefits)


  經(jīng)濟(jì)主體的經(jīng)濟(jì)行為往往會(huì)產(chǎn)生很多的成本和收益,我們在分析外部性的時(shí)候會(huì)用的方法是成本-收益分析法。成本和收益主要分為三類:


  私人成本和私人收益(Private Costs and Private Benefits)


  There are experienced by the people who are directly involved in the decision to take a particular action.)


  私人成本與收益是指那些直接參與經(jīng)濟(jì)活動(dòng)的主體付出的成本與獲得的收益。


  外部成本和外部收益(External Costs and External Benefits)


  These are a consequence of externalities that arise from a particular action.They fall on third parties instead of those responsible for the action.


  外部成本與收益是指經(jīng)濟(jì)主體的行為給其他人帶來的成本與收益。


  社會(huì)成本和社會(huì)收益(Social Costs and Social Benefits)


  These are the total costs and benefits to society as a result of a particular action.By definition,they consist of private costs and benefits and any external costs and benefits that arise.


  社會(huì)成本與收益是私人與外部成本與收益的加總,即:


  社會(huì)成本=私人成本+外部成本/MSC=MPC+MEC


  社會(huì)效益=私人利益+外部效益/MSB=MPB+MEB

 

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