部分重要AP生物知識點詳解

 

　　生物學(xué)課程學(xué)習(xí)中往往會涉及大量知識點概念，這對于很多同學(xué)們來說是一個不小的挑戰(zhàn)。下面A+國際教育小編就為大家講解一下在考試中常見的AP生物知識點內(nèi)容，來幫助同學(xué)們做好考前復(fù)習(xí)工作。

　　Adaptation適應(yīng)性改變

　　Any inherited structure,behavior,or internal process that enables an organism to respond to environmental factors and live to produce offspring is called an adaptation.

　　Evolution進化

　　The gradual change in a species through adaptations over time is evolution.

　　Growth生長

　　Growth results in an increase in the amount of living meterial and the formation of new structures.

　　Reproduction繁殖

　　One of the most obvious of all the characteristics of life is reproduction,the production of offspring.

　　Species物種

　　A species is a group of organisms that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring in nature.

　　Stimulus刺激

　　Anything in an organism’s external or internal environment that causes the organism to react is AP生物各章重點考前精析_文庫下載

　　Dependent variable因變量

　　The condition that any changes in it depend on changes made to the independent variable is called dependent variable.

　　Independent variable自變量

　　The condition in an experiment that is tested is the independent variable.

　　Ecology生態(tài)學(xué)

　　Ecology is the study of interactions that take place between organisms and their environment.

　　Ecosystem生態(tài)系統(tǒng)

　　An ecosystem is made up of interacting populations in a biological community and the community’s abiotic factors.

　　Niche小生境

　　A niche is all strategies and adaptations a species uses in its environment.

　　Autotroph自養(yǎng)生物

　　An organism that uses light energy or energy stored in chamical compounds to make energy-rich compounds is a producer,or autotroph.

　　Heterotroph異養(yǎng)生物

　　An organism that cannot make its own food and feeds on other organisms is called a heterotroph.

　　Food chain食物鏈

　　A food chain is a simple model that species use to show how matter and energy move through an ecosystem.In a food chain,nutrients and energy move from autotrophs to heterotrophs and,eventually,to decomposers.

　　Limiting factor限制因素

　　A limiting factor is any biotic or abiotic factor that restricts the existence,numbers,reproduction,or distribution of an organisms.

　　Tolerance耐受性

　　The ability of an organism to withstand fluctuations in biotic and abiotic environmental factors is known as tolerance.

　　Primary succesion原生演替

　　The colonization if barren land by communities of organisms is called primary succesion.

　　原生演替(primary succession)在完全沒有植物的基礎(chǔ)上，如海洋上隆起的新島，火山的溶巖流，新形成的湖沼等地方因植物移居發(fā)生的演替

　　Carrying capacity環(huán)境容量

　　The number of organisms of one species that an environment can support indefinitely is its carrying capacity.

　　Exponential growth指數(shù)增長

　　Exponential growth means that as a populetion get larger,it also grows at a faster rate.

　　Biodiversity生物多樣性

　　Biodiversity refers to the variety of species in a specific area.

　　Endangered species瀕危物種

　　A species is considered to be an endangered species when its numbers become so low that extinctions is possible.

　　Extinction滅絕

　　Extinction is the disappearance of a species when the last of its members dies.

　　Diffusion擴散

　　Diffusion is the net movement of particles from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.

　　Organelle細胞器

　　With the development of better mocroscopes,scientists observed that all cells contain small,specialized structures called organelles,such as mitochondria,chloroplast and ribosme.

　　Nucleus細胞核

　　The central membrane-bound organelle that manages or controls cellular functions is called the nucleus.

　　Plasma membrane細胞質(zhì)膜

　　Plasma membrane is the flexible boundary between the cell and its environment,to allow a steady supply of these nutrients to come into the cell no matter what the external conditions are.

　　Selective permeability選擇通透性

　　Selective permeability is a process in which a membrane allows some molecules to pass through while keeping others out.選擇透過性專指細胞膜上膜蛋白的選擇透過作用。如選擇K+和N+進入細胞膜

　　Phospholipid磷脂

　　A phospholipid has a glyceral backbone,two fatty acid chains,and a pgosphate group.含有一個或多個磷酸基的脂質(zhì)。是構(gòu)成細胞膜的主要脂分子

　　Transport protein轉(zhuǎn)運蛋白

　　Transport proteins move needed substances or waste materials through the plasma membrane.在葉綠體內(nèi)膜上有很多運輸?shù)鞍走x擇性轉(zhuǎn)運出入葉綠體的分子。葉綠體內(nèi)膜上所有轉(zhuǎn)運蛋白的運輸作用都是靠濃度梯度驅(qū)動的,而不是主動運輸。這不僅與細胞質(zhì)膜的運輸?shù)鞍撞煌?也與線粒體內(nèi)膜的運輸系統(tǒng)不同,在線粒體內(nèi)膜中也有主動運輸?shù)霓D(zhuǎn)運蛋白

　　Chloroplast葉綠體

　　Chloroplasts are cell organelles that capture light energy and convert it to chemical energy.植物細胞中由雙層膜圍成，含有葉綠素能進行光合作用的細胞器。間質(zhì)中懸浮有由膜囊構(gòu)成的類囊體，內(nèi)含葉綠體DNA。

　　Chlorophyll葉綠素

　　Chlorophyll traps light energy and gives leaves and stems their green color.植物葉綠體內(nèi)含有卟啉環(huán)的主要光合作用色素?？晌展饽苡糜诠夂献饔?/p>

　　Chromatin染色質(zhì)

　　The master set of directions for making proteins is contained in chromatin,which are strands of the genetic naterial,DNA.間期細胞核中由DNA和組蛋白構(gòu)成的染色物質(zhì)

　　Endoplasmic reticulum內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)

　　One particular organelle in a eukaryotic cell,the endoplasmic reticulum,is the site of cullular chemical reactions.

　　Mitochondria線粒體

　　Mitochondria are membrane-bound organelles in plant and animal cells that transform energy for the cell.

　　真核細胞中由雙層高度特化的單位膜圍成的細胞器。主要功能是通過氧化磷酸化作用合成ATP，為細胞各種生理活動提供能量。

　　Ribosome核糖體

　　Ribosomes are the sites where the cell produces proteins according to the directions of DNA.

　　一切活細胞(真核細胞、原核細胞)中均有，它是進行蛋白質(zhì)合成的重要細胞器，主要由RNA和蛋白質(zhì)構(gòu)成，其惟一功能是按照mRNA的指令將氨基酸合成蛋白質(zhì)多肽鏈，所以核糖體是細胞內(nèi)蛋白質(zhì)合成的分子機器。

　　Active transport主動運輸

　　Movement of materials through a membrane against a concentration gradient is called active transport and requires energy from the cell.指物質(zhì)逆濃度梯度，在載體的協(xié)助下，在能量的作用下運進或運出細胞膜的過程。Na+、K+和Ca2+等離子，都不能自由地通過磷脂雙分子層，它們從低濃度一側(cè)運輸?shù)礁邼舛纫粋?cè)，需要載體蛋白的協(xié)助，同時還需要消耗細胞內(nèi)化學(xué)反應(yīng)所釋放的能量。

　　Passive transport被動運輸

　　Some molecules can pass through the plasma membrane by simple diffusion.The cell uses no energy to move these particles;therefore,this movement of particles across the membrane is classified as passive transport簡單擴散①沿濃度梯度(或電化學(xué)梯度)擴散;②不需要提供能量;③沒有膜蛋白的協(xié)助。協(xié)助擴散faciliatied diffusion)，其運輸特點是：①比自由擴散轉(zhuǎn)運速率高;②存在最大轉(zhuǎn)運速率;在一定限度內(nèi)運輸速率同物質(zhì)濃度成正比。如超過一定限度，濃度再增加，運輸也不再增加。因膜上載體蛋白的結(jié)合位點已達飽和;③有特異性，即與特定溶質(zhì)結(jié)合。條件：對應(yīng)所運輸物質(zhì)的蛋白質(zhì)，順濃度差。

　　MITOSIS有絲分裂

　　A period of nuclear division.Contains prophase,metaphase,anaphase and telophase有紡錘體染色體出現(xiàn)，真核細胞的染色質(zhì)凝集成染色體、復(fù)制的姐妹染色單體在紡錘絲的牽拉下分向兩極，從而產(chǎn)生兩個染色體數(shù)和遺傳性相同的子細胞核的一種細胞分裂類型。通常劃分為前期、中期、后期和末期。這種分裂方式普遍見于高等動植物,是真核細胞分裂產(chǎn)生體細胞的過程。

　　Photosynthesis光合作用

　　The process that uses the sun’s energy to make simple sugars is called photosynthesis.

　　Electron transport chain電子傳遞鏈

　　The highly energized,or excited,electrons which are transferred from the energy in the sunlight are passed from chlorophyll to an electron transport chain,a series of proteins embedded in the thylakoid membrane.多種遞電子體或遞氫體按次序排列的連接情況。生物氧化過程中各物質(zhì)氧化脫下的氫，大多由輔酶接受，這些還原性輔酶的氫在線粒體內(nèi)膜上經(jīng)一系列遞電子體(或遞氫體)形成的連鎖鏈，逐步傳送到氧分子而生成水。此種連鎖過程與細胞內(nèi)呼吸過程密切相關(guān)。植物的葉綠體中則存在光合電子傳遞鏈以傳遞電子，完成光合作用中水分解出氧，形成NADPH的過程。

　　Cellular respiration細胞呼吸

　　The process by which mitochondria break down food molecules to produce ATP is called cellular respiration.There are 3 stages of cellular respiration:glycolysis,the citric acid cycle,and the electron transport chain.The first stage,glycolysis,is anaerobic---no oxygen is required.The last 2 stages are aerobic and require oxygen to be conpleted.

　　物質(zhì)在細胞內(nèi)的氧化分解。氧的消耗和二氧化碳、水及ATP)的生成，根本意義給機體提供可利用的能量。分為有氧呼吸和無氧呼吸

　　一、有氧呼吸場所：細胞質(zhì)基質(zhì)，線粒體

　　第一：葡萄糖再酶的作用下分解成丙酮酸和還原態(tài)的氫[H]和少量的氧氣不需要氧氣參與，細胞質(zhì)基質(zhì)中完成

　　第二：丙酮酸和水在酶的作用下生成CO2和[H]+少量能量不需要氧氣參與，在線粒體基質(zhì)中完成的

　　第三(有氧呼吸的重點)：[H]和氧氣在酶的作用下產(chǎn)生了水，能量

　　這階段需要氧氣參與，在線粒體內(nèi)膜上完成

　　二、無氧呼吸場所：細胞質(zhì)基質(zhì)

　　第一階段和有氧呼吸第一階段相同，葡萄糖在酶的作用下分解成丙酮酸和還原態(tài)的氫[H]和少量的氧氣，不需要氧氣參與，在細胞質(zhì)基質(zhì)中完成

　　1、產(chǎn)生乳酸的無氧呼吸方程式：C6H12O6=(酶)2 C3H6O3(乳酸)+少量能量

　　即葡萄糖在酶的作用下生了乳酸和少量能量

　　2、產(chǎn)生酒精的無氧呼吸方程式:2 C6H12O6=(酶)2 C2H5OH(酒精)+2CO2+少量能量

　　即葡萄糖在酶的作用下產(chǎn)生了酒精和二氧化碳

　　有氧呼吸遠大于無氧呼吸，無氧呼吸放出2個ATP

　　Glycolysis糖酵解

　　Glycolysis is a series of chemical reactions in the cytoplasm of a cell that break down glucose,a six-carbon compound,into two molecules of pyruvic acid,a three-carbon acid.

　　糖酵解是指在氧氣不足條件下，葡萄糖或糖原分解為乳酸的過程，此過程中伴有少量ATP的生成。這一過程是在細胞質(zhì)中進行，不需要氧氣，每一反應(yīng)步驟基本都由特異的酶催化

　　以上這些AP生物知識點要求同學(xué)們都能夠完全的掌握，這樣才能夠做好更加充分的準(zhǔn)備來應(yīng)對AP生物考試。如果在AP備考中海油什么疑問，歡迎隨時咨詢我們的線上老師，讓老師一對一為你進行專業(yè)的課程輔導(dǎo)吧。