各章節(jié)重要GCSE物理考點總結(jié)，來看看你是不是完全掌握了？

知識點時間：2020-02-24 16:46

　　GCSE階段的物理學(xué)習(xí)比較基礎(chǔ)，更加偏重于對學(xué)生的物理知識體系進行一個基本、比較完善構(gòu)建，因此GCSE物理學(xué)習(xí)雖然并不難，但要了解的知識點內(nèi)容是非常豐富的。今天A加未來小編就針對考試中會涉及到的GCSE物理考點進行一次全面的總結(jié)，來幫助同學(xué)們更好的看展復(fù)習(xí)和備考工作，一起來了解一下吧！

　　1.General Physics普通物理

　　1.1 Length and time長度和時間

　　1.Use and describe the use of rules and measuring cylinders to determine a length or a volume.使用并且描述如何用尺子和量筒測量長度和體積。

　　2.Use and describe the use of clocks and devices for measuring an interval of time.

　　使用并且描述如何用鐘表和一些儀器測量時間間隔。

　　3.Use and describe the use of a mechanical method for the measurement of a small distance.

　　使用并描述利用機械的方法測量短距離。

　　4.Measure and describe how to measure a short interval of time(including the period of a pendulum).測量和描述怎樣測量一個短時間間隔（包括單擺的周期）。

　　1.2 Speed,velocity and acceleration速率，速度，加速度

　　1.Define speed and calculate speed from total distance/total time.

　　定義速率和計算：速率=總路程/總時間

　　2.Plot and interpret a speed/time graph or a distance/time graph.

　　畫和解釋速率/時間圖像或者路程/時間圖像

　　3.Recognize from the shape of a speed/time graph when a body is(a)at rest,(b)moving with constant speed,or(c)moving with changing speed.

　　從速率/時間圖像中辨認出：(a)靜止，(b)勻速運動和(c)變速運動。

　　4.Calculate the area under a speed/time graph to determine the distance traveled for motion with constant acceleration.

　　計算速率/時間圖像中的面積得出勻加速運動的路程。

　　5.Demonstrate some understanding that acceleration is related to changing speed.

　　解釋加速度和速度的改變量之間的聯(lián)系。

　　6.State that the acceleration of free fall for a body near to the Earth is constant.

　　說明地球表面附近的物體自由降落的加速度是衡定的。

　　7.Distinguish between speed and velocity.

　　區(qū)分速率和速度。

　　8.Recognize linear motion for which the acceleration is constant and calculate the acceleration.

　　認識勻加速的運動并且計算加速度。

　　9.Recognize motion for which the acceleration is not constant.

　　認識非勻加速運動。

　　10.Describe qualitatively the motion of bodies falling in a uniform gravitational field with and without air resistance(including reference to terminal velocity).

　　定性的描述計和不計空氣阻力物體在均勻重力場中下落的運動（包括設(shè)計到末速度。

　　1.3 Mass and weight質(zhì)量和重量

　　1.Show familiarity with the idea of the mass of a body.

　　熟練掌握一個物體的質(zhì)量的概念。

　　2.State that weight is a force.

　　陳述重量是一種力。

　　3.Demonstrate understanding that weights(and hence masses)may be compared using a balance.

　　闡明重量（因此質(zhì)量）可以用天平來比較。

　　4.Demonstrate an understanding that mass is a property which'resists'change in motion.

　　闡明質(zhì)量是物體阻礙加速度的一種性質(zhì)

　　5.Describe,and use the concept of,weight as the effect of a gravitational field on a mass.

　　描述和利用重力是重力場作用在物體上的效果的概念。

　　1.4 Density密度

　　1.Describe an experiment to determine the density of a liquid and of a regularly shaped solid and make the necessary calculation.

　　描述一個測量液體或者規(guī)則形狀的固體的密度的實驗并做必要的計算。

　　2.Describe the determination of the density of an irregularly shaped solid by the method of displacement and make the necessary calculation.

　　描述通過替代法測量一個不規(guī)則形狀的固體的密度并做必要的計算。

　　1.5 Force力

　　(a)Effects of forces力的作用效果

　　1.State that a force may produce a change in size and shape of a body.

　　說明一個力可以改變一個物體的大小和形狀。

　　2.Plot extension/load graphs and describe the associated experimental procedure.

　　畫伸長量/力的圖像并描述這個相關(guān)實驗過程。

　　3.Describe the ways in which a force may change the motion of a body.

　　描述力可以怎樣改變一個物體的運動。

　　4.Find the resultant of two or more forces acting along the same line.

　　求共線的兩個或多個力的合力。

　　10.Interpret extension/load graphs.

　　解釋伸長量/負荷的圖象。

　　11.State Hooke’s Law and recall and use the expression F=k x.

　　說明胡克定律并記住使用F=kx。

　　12.Recognize the significance of the term'limit of proportionality'for an extension/load graph.從伸長量/負荷圖像中辨認出正比例限度。

　　13.Recall and use the relation between force,mass and acceleration(including the direction).

　　記住和應(yīng)用力，質(zhì)量和加速度之間的關(guān)系。（F=ma）。

　　14.Describe,qualitatively,motion in a curved path due to a perpendicular force(F=mv2/r is not required).

　　定性的描述物體在一個垂直力的作用下沿曲線運動。

　　(b)Turning effect轉(zhuǎn)動效果

　　5.Describe the moment of a force as a measure of its turning effect and give everyday examples.描述力矩是力的轉(zhuǎn)動效果量度并且取例子。

　　6.Describe,qualitatively,the balancing of a beam about a pivot.

　　定性的描述一個桿關(guān)于支點的平衡。

　　15.Perform and describe an experiment(involving vertical forces)to verify that there is no net moment on a body in equilibrium.

　　演示和描述一個實驗證明物體在合力矩為零時會保持平衡。

　　16.Apply the idea of opposing moments to simple systems in equilibrium.

　　應(yīng)用反向的力矩簡化一個系統(tǒng)的平衡。

　　(c)Conditions for equilibrium平衡的條件

　　7.State that,when there is no resultant force and no resultant turning effect,a system is in equilibrium.描述當合力為零并且合力矩為零時，系統(tǒng)保持平衡。

　　(d)Centre of mass質(zhì)心

　　8.Perform and describe an experiment to determine the position of the centre of mass of a plane lamina.演示和描述一個在幾何平面內(nèi)找出物體質(zhì)心的實驗。

　　9.Describe qualitatively the effect of the position of the centre of mass on the stability of simple objects.定性的描述質(zhì)心的位置對物體穩(wěn)定的影響。

　　(e)Scalars and vectors標量和矢量

　　17.Demonstrate an understanding of the difference between scalars and vectors and give common examples.闡明和理解標量和矢量之間的區(qū)別并且提出常見的例子。

　　18.Add vectors by graphical representation to determine a resultant.

　　通過圖像表示求兩個矢量的和。

　　19.Determine graphically a resultant of two vectors.

　　通過畫圖求兩個矢量的和

　　1.6 Energy,work and power能量，功和功率

　　(a)Energy能量

　　1.Demonstrate an understanding that an object may have energy due to its motion or its position,and that energy may be transferred and stored.

　　描述和理解一個物體由于運動和位置產(chǎn)生的能量，這個能量能夠被轉(zhuǎn)換和儲存。

　　2.Give examples of energy in different forms,including kinetic,gravitational,chemical,strain,nuclear,internal,electrical,light and sound.

　　給一些不同形式的能量的例子，包括動能，勢能，化學(xué)能，彈性勢能，核能，內(nèi)能，電能，光能和聲能，

　　3.Give examples of the conversion of energy from one form to another and of its transfer from on place to another.

　　給一些從一種形式的能量轉(zhuǎn)換為另一種形式的能量，從一個地方傳播到另一個地方。

　　4.Apply the principle of energy conservation to simple examples

　　應(yīng)用能量守恒的簡單的例子。

　　8.Recall and use the expressions k.e.=?mv2 and p.e.=mgh

　　記住和應(yīng)用表達式K.e=1/2mv和p.e=mgh

　　(b)Energy resources能源

　　5.Describe how electricity or other useful forms of energy may be obtained from

　　(i)chemical energy stored in fuel

　　(ii)water,including the energy stored in waves,in tides,and in water behind hydroelectric dams

　　(iii)geothermal resources

　　(iv)nuclear fission

　　(v)heat and light from the Sun

　　描述電能和其它有用的能量形式怎樣從下列能源獲得的：

　　(i)儲存在然連中的化學(xué)能。

　　(ii)水包括儲存在波和潮汐中的能量和水力電氣水壩后面的水里面的重力勢能

　　(iii)地?zé)崮?/p>

　　(iv)核裂變

　　(v)來自太陽的熱和光能

　　9.Show an understanding that energy is released by nuclear fusion in the Sun.

　　描述和理解太陽的核裂變釋放能量

　　10.Show a qualitative understanding of efficiency定性的理解效率

　　(c)Work功

　　4-relate,without calculation,work done to the magnitude of a force and the distance moved不通過計算找出做功與力的大小和移動的路程之間的關(guān)系

　　5-describe energy changes in terms of work done

　　描述能量的改變就是做功

　　6-recall and useΔW=Fd=ΔE記住和應(yīng)用

　　(d)Power功率

　　1-relate,without calculation,power to work done and time taken,using appropriate examples不用計算用合適的例子找出功率與做功和時間的關(guān)系

　　2-recall and use the equation P=E/t in simple systems

　　記住和應(yīng)用在一個簡單的系統(tǒng)P=E/t

　　1.7 Pressure壓強

　　1-relate,without calculation,pressure to force and area,using appropriate examples

　　不通過計算，通過合適的例子得出壓強，力和面積之間的聯(lián)系

　　2-describe the simple mercury barometer and its use in measuring atmospheric pressure描述簡單的水銀氣壓計和用它來測量大氣壓強

　　3-relate,without calculation,the pressure beneath a liquid surface to depth and to density,using appropriate examples

　　不通過計算通過合適的例子得出液體表面下的壓強，升讀和密度之間的關(guān)系

　　4-use and describe the use of a manometer描述壓力計的應(yīng)用

　　5recall and use the equation p=F/A記住，會用等式P=F/A

　　6-recall and use the equation p=hρg記住會用等式p=pgh

　　2.Thermal Physics熱學(xué)物理

　　2.1 Simple kinetic molecular model of matter物質(zhì)簡單分子動能模型

　　(a)States of matter物質(zhì)的狀態(tài)

　　1-state the distinguishing properties of solids,liquids and gases

　　描述固體，液體，氣體性質(zhì)的區(qū)別

　　(b)Molecular model分子模型

　　1-describe qualitatively the molecular structure of solids,liquids and gases

　　定性的描述固體，液體，氣體的分子結(jié)構(gòu)

　　2-interpret the temperature of a gas in terms of the motion of its molecules

　　以分子運動來描述氣體的溫度

　　3-describe qualitatively the pressure of a gas in terms of the motion of its molecules

　　以分子運動來定性的描述氣體的壓強。

　　4-describe qualitatively the effect of a change of temperature on the pressure of a gas at constant volume

　　定性的描述體積不變時溫度的變化對壓強的影響。

　　5-show an understanding of the random motion of particles in a suspension as evidence for the kinetic molecular model of matter

　　解釋和理解粒子的隨機運動是分子動力學(xué)模型的一個實例

　　6-describe this motion(sometimes known as Brownian motion)in terms of random molecular bombardment

　　用分子的隨機碰撞來描述一種運動（布朗運動）

　　7-relate the properties of solids,liquids and gases to the forces and distances between molecules and to the motion of the molecules

　　聯(lián)系固體，液體，氣體的性質(zhì)與分子間力，分子間距離和分子的運動

　　8-show an appreciation that massive particles may be moved by light,fast moving molecules展示一定質(zhì)量的粒子被光照后移動，并且移動加快。

　　(c)Evaporation蒸發(fā)

　　1-describe evaporation in terms of the escape of more-energetic molecules from the surface of a liquid

　　以高能量的分子從液體表面逃離的方式描述蒸發(fā)。

　　2-relate evaporation and the consequent cooling

　　聯(lián)系蒸發(fā)和冷卻結(jié)果

　　3-demonstrate an understanding of how temperature,surface area and wind over a surface influence evaporation

　　描述理解溫度，表面積和表面的氣流對蒸發(fā)的影響。

　　(d)Pressure changes改變壓強

　　1-relate the change in volume of a gas to change in pressure applied to the gas at constant temperature

　　聯(lián)系溫度不變時，體積的改變引起壓強的改變。

　　2-recall and use the equation pV=constant at constant temperature

　　記住和應(yīng)用當溫度不變時等式，PV=常數(shù)

　　2.2 Thermal properties熱性質(zhì)

　　(a)Thermal expansion of solids,liquids and gases

　　固體，液體和氣體的熱膨脹。

　　1-describe qualitatively the thermal expansion of solids,liquids and gases

　　定性的描述固體，液體和氣體的熱膨脹。

　　2-identify and explain some of the everyday applications and consequences of thermal expansion

　　描述和解釋一些生活中熱膨脹的實例

　　3-describe qualitatively the effect of a change of temperature on the volume of a gas at constant pressure mention

　　定性的描述提到的壓強一定時，溫度對氣體的影響。

　　4-show an appreciation of the relative order of magnitude of the expansion of solids,liquids and gases說明并展現(xiàn)固體、液體、氣體之間膨脹的關(guān)系

　　(b)Measurement of Temperature溫度的測量

　　1-appreciate how a physical property which varies with temperature may be used for the measurement of temperature and state examples of such properties

　　賞識一下變化溫度的物理性質(zhì)被用來測量溫度并描述一個類似的例子

　　2-recogize the need for and identify fixed Points

　　識別和辨認所需要的固定點

　　3-describe the structure and action of liquid in glass thermometers

　　描述一個液體溫度計的結(jié)構(gòu)和作用

　　4-demonstrate understanding of sensitivity,range and linearity

　　說明和理解靈敏度，變化范圍和線性

　　5-describe the structure of a thermocouple and show understanding of its use for measuring high temperatures and those which vary rapidly

　　描述熱偶的結(jié)構(gòu)和理解用它來測量迅速變化的高溫

　　(c)Thermal capacity熱容量

　　1-relate a rise in temperature of a body to an increase in internal energy

　　描述一個物體的溫度升高內(nèi)能增加。

　　2-show an understanding of the term thermal capacity理解說明熱容量

　　3-describe an experiment to measure the specific heat capacity of a substance

　　描述一個實驗測量一個物體的比熱容量。

　　(d)Melting and boiling熔化和沸騰

　　1-describe melting and boiling in terms of energy input without a change in temperature

　　溫度不變時用吸收的能量描述融化和沸騰

　　2-state the meaning of melting point and boiling point描述熔點和沸點的意義

　　3-describe condensation and solidification描述液化和凝固

　　4-distinguish between boiling and evaporation區(qū)分沸騰和蒸發(fā)

　　5-use the terms latent heat of vaporization and latent heat of fusion and give a molecular interpretation of latent heat

　　用蒸發(fā)潛熱和熔化潛熱和給定的分子解釋潛熱。

　　6-describe an experiment to measure specific latent heats for steam and for ice

　　描述一個測量水流和冰的淺比熱。

　　2.3 Transfer of thermal energy熱能的傳遞

　　(a)Conduction傳導(dǎo)

　　1-describe experiments to demonstrate the properties of good and bad conductors of heat

　　描述一個熱導(dǎo)體性能好壞的實驗。

　　2-give a simple molecular account of heat transfer in solids

　　給出在固體中一個簡單分子熱能的轉(zhuǎn)移。

　　(b)Convection對流

　　1-relate convection in fluids to density changes and describe experiments to illustrate convection

　　液體密度的改變和轉(zhuǎn)換的關(guān)系，描述一個實驗解釋轉(zhuǎn)換。

　　(c)Radiation輻射

　　1-identify infra-red radiation as part of the electromagnetic spectrum

　　辨認紅外輻射是電磁光譜的一部分。

　　2-describe experiments to show the properties of good and bad emitters and good and bad absorbers of infra-red radiation

　　描述一些實驗證明紅外輻射好的和壞的釋放者和吸收者。

　　(d)Consequences of energy transfer能量轉(zhuǎn)移的結(jié)果

　　1-identify and explain some of the everyday applications and consequences of conduction,convection and radiation

　　辨認和解釋生活中傳導(dǎo)，轉(zhuǎn)換和輻射的應(yīng)用和結(jié)果。

　　3.Properties of waves,including light and sound波的性質(zhì)包括光和聲

　　3.1 General wave properties普通波的性質(zhì)

　　1-describe what is meant by wave motion as illustrated by vibration in ropes,springs and by experiments using water waves

　　通過用波動的意義解釋繩子，彈簧和水波的振動試驗

　　2-use the term wavefront用波振面

　　3-give the meaning of speed,frequency,wavelength and amplitude

　　給出速率，頻率，波長和幅度的意義。

　　4-recall and use the equation v=fλ

　　記住和應(yīng)用等式速率=平率×?xí)r間

　　5-distinguish between transverse and longitudinal waves and give suitable examples

　　區(qū)分橫波和縱波并且舉出合適的例子。

　　6-describe the use of water waves to show用水波描述

　　(i)reflection at a plane surface平面反射

　　(ii)refraction due to a change of speed折射由于速率的改變。

　　(iii)diffraction produced by wide and narrow gaps

　　通過寬的或窄的縫隙產(chǎn)生衍射。

　　7-interpret reflection,refraction and diffraction using wave theory

　　用波的理論解釋反射，折射和衍射。

　　3.2 Light光

　　(a)Reflection of light光的反射

　　1-describe the formation,and give the characteristics,of an optical image by a plane mirror

　　描述形成，給出特點在平面鏡中呈現(xiàn)的光學(xué)圖像。

　　2-use the law angle of incidence=angle of reflection會用入射角等于反射角

　　3-perform simple constructions,measurements and calculations

　　演示簡單的結(jié)構(gòu)測量和計算。

　　(b)Refraction of light光的衍射

　　1-describe an experimental demonstration of the refraction of light

　　描述一個實驗解釋光的衍射現(xiàn)象。

　　2-use the terminology for the angle of incidence i and angle of refraction r and describe the passage of light through parallel-sided transparent material

　　會用術(shù)語入射角i折射角r并且描述光通過兩個透明的平行板。

　　3-give the meaning of critical angle

　　給出一些重要角度的意義。

　　4-describe internal and total internal reflection

　　描述內(nèi)部的和總的反射

　　5-recall and use the definition of refractive n in terms of speed

　　記住和應(yīng)用以速度定義折射率n.

　　6-recall and use the equation sin i/sin r=n記住和應(yīng)用等式sin i/sin r=n

　　7-describe the action of optical fibres描述纖維光學(xué)的作用。

　　(c)Thin converging lens薄的匯聚透鏡

　　1-describe the action of a thin converging lens on a beam of light

　　描述薄聚焦透鏡對一束光的作用。

　　2-use the term principal focus and focal length

　　會用主焦點和焦距。

　　3-draw ray diagrams to illustrate the formation of a real image by a single lens

　　用光線圖來解釋通過單鏡頭形成的實相。

　　4-draw ray diagrams to illustrate the formation of a virtual image by a single lens

　　畫光線圖來解釋通過單鏡頭形成的虛像。

　　5-use and describe the use of a single lens as a magnifying glass

　　用和描述利用一個單鏡頭作為一個放大鏡。

　　(d)Dispersion of light光的分散

　　1-give a qualitative account of the dispersion of light as illustrated by the action on light of a glass prism

　　定性的分析當光通過棱鏡分散的行為

　　(e)Electromagnetic spectrum電磁波譜

　　1-describe the main features of the electromagnetic spectrum and state that all e.m.waves travel with the same high speed in vacuo

　　描述電磁波的主要特點和描述所有的波以同樣的速度在真空中傳播。

　　2-state the approximate value of the speed of electro-magnetic waves

　　描述電磁波速度值。

　　3-use the term monochromatic

　　用單一的一色的。

　　3.3 Sound聲音

　　1-describe the production of sound by vibrating sources

　　描述聲音是由振動產(chǎn)生。

　　2-describe the longitudinal nature of sound waves

　　描述聲音的縱向特性。

　　3-state the approximate range of audible frequencies

　　描述可聽得見波的大概頻率。

　　4-show an understanding that a medium is required in order to transmit sound waves

　　展示和理解聲音的傳播需要介質(zhì)。

　　5-describe an experiment to determine the speed of sound in air

　　描述一個測量聲音在空氣中傳播的速度。

　　6-relate the loudness and pitch of sound waves to amplitude and frequency

　　聲波的響度和音調(diào)與振幅和頻率之間的關(guān)系。

　　7-describe how the reflection of sound may produce an echo

　　描述聲音的反射產(chǎn)生回聲。

　　8-describe compression and rarefaction

　　描述壓縮和稀疏

　　9-state the order of magnitude of the speed of sound in air,liquids and solids

　　描述液體和固體在空氣中傳播速率大小的順序。

　　4.Electricity and magnetism電和磁

　　4.1 Simple phenomena of magnetism簡單的磁現(xiàn)象

　　1-state the properties of magnets

　　描述磁體的性質(zhì)。

　　2-give an account of induced magnetism

　　說明感生磁性

　　3-distinguish between ferrous and nonferrous materials

　　區(qū)分含鐵和不含鐵的材料。

　　4-describe methods of magnetisation and of demagnetisation

　　描述磁化和消除磁性的方法。

　　5-describe an experiment to identify the pattern of field lines round a bar magnet

　　描述一個實驗來辨認一個條形磁鐵周圍的場線圖案。

　　6-distinguish between the magnetic properties of iron and steel

　　區(qū)分鐵和鋼的磁性。

　　7-distinguish between the design and use of permanent magnets and electromagnets

　　區(qū)分和設(shè)計永久磁體和電磁體。

　　4.2 Electrical quantities電學(xué)物理量

　　(a)Electric charge電荷

　　1-describe simple experiments to show the production and detection of electrostatic charges描述一個簡單的實驗證明靜電荷的產(chǎn)生和發(fā)現(xiàn)

　　2-state that there are positive and negative charges

　　描述存在正電荷和負電荷。

　　3-state that unlike charges attract and that like charges repel

　　描述同種電荷排斥，異種電荷吸引。

　　4-describe an electric field as a region in which an electric charge experiences a force

　　描述電場是一個電荷受力的區(qū)域

　　5-distinguish between electrical conductors and insulators and give typical examples

　　區(qū)分導(dǎo)體和絕緣體并給出典型的例子。

　　6-state that charge is measured in coulombs

　　描述電荷由庫倫來測量。

　　7-state the direction of lines of force and describe simple field patterns,including the field around a point charge and the field between two parallel plates

　　描述力的方向和簡單的場的圖案，包括點電荷周圍的場和兩個平行板之間的場。

　　8-give an account of charging by induction

　　9-recall and use the simple electron model to distinguish between conductors and insulators

　　記住和應(yīng)用簡單的電子模型區(qū)分導(dǎo)體和絕緣體。

　　(b)Current電流

　　1-state that current is related to the flow of charge

　　描述電流和流動電荷的關(guān)系。

　　2-use and describe the use of an ammeter

　　用和描述電流表的用法。

　　3-show understanding that a current is a rate of flow of charge and recall and use the equation l=Q/t理解電流是流動電荷的變化率，記住何用等式I=Q/t

　　4-distinguish between the direction of flow of electrons and conventional current

　　區(qū)分電子的流動方向和傳統(tǒng)電流的方向。

　　(c)Electro-motive force電動勢

　　5-state that the e.m.f.of a source of electrical energy is measured in volts

　　描述一個電能源的電動勢用伏特測量。

　　6-show understanding that e.m.f.is defined in terms of energy supplied by a source in driving charge round a complete circuit

　　理解電動勢被定義為能源提供的能量迫使電荷環(huán)繞整個電路。

　　(d)Potential difference電勢差

　　1-state that the potential difference across a circuit component is measured in volts

　　描述通過一個電路元件的電勢差用伏特測量。

　　2-use and describe the use of a voltmeter

　　用和描述電壓表的用法。

　　(e)Resistance電阻

　　1-state that resistance=p.d./current and understand qualitatively how changes in p.d.or resistance affect current

　　描述電阻=電勢差/電流并且理解怎樣改變電勢差和電阻影響電流。

　　2-recall and use the equation R=V/I記住和用等式R=V/I

　　3-describe an experiment to determine resistance using a voltmeter and an Ammeter

　　描述一個實驗用電壓表和電流表測電阻值。

　　4-relate(without calculation)the resistance of a wire to its length and to its diameter

　　不通過計算聯(lián)系一個導(dǎo)線的電阻值與他的長度，直徑的關(guān)系。

　　5-recall and use quantitatively the proportionality between resistance and the length and the inverse proportionality between resistance and cross-sectional area of a wire

　　記住和定性的用電阻和長度成正比和面積成反比。

　　(f)Electrical energy電能

　　1-recall and use the equations P=I V and E=I V t

　　記?。τ玫仁絇=I*V和E=I*V*t

　　4.3 Electric circuits電路

　　(a)Circuit diagrams電路

　　(b)Series and parallel circuits串聯(lián)和并聯(lián)

　　1-draw and interpret circuit diagrams containing sources,switches,resistors(fixed and variable),lamps,ammeters voltmeters,magnetising coils,transformers,bells,fuses and relays畫和解釋電路圖包括電源,開關(guān),電阻器(固定的和變化的)燈泡,電流表,電壓表,電磁圈,轉(zhuǎn)換器,電鈴,保險絲和延遲.

　　2-understand that the current at every point in a series circuit is the same

　　理解串聯(lián)電路中每一點電流相等.

　　3-give the combined resistance of two or more resistors in series

　　給出個電阻串聯(lián)的總電阻.

　　4-state that,for a parallel circuit,the current from the source is larger than the current in each branch

　　描述,對于一個并聯(lián)電路電源的總電流總是大于每一個之路的電流.

　　5-draw and interpret circuit diagrams containing diodes and transistors

　　畫和解釋電路圖包括二極管和晶體三極管.

　　6-recall and use the fact that the sum of the p.d.’s across the components in a series circuit is equal to the total p.d.across the supply

　　記住和應(yīng)用串聯(lián)電路中各用電器電勢差之和等于總的電源電勢差.

　　7-recall and use the fact that the current from the source is the sum of the currents in the separate branches of a parallel circuit

　　記住和應(yīng)用并聯(lián)電路電源的總電流等于各個支路電流之和.

　　(c)Action and use of circuit components作用和用電路元件

　　(d)Digital electronics數(shù)字電子學(xué)

　　1-state that the combined resistance of two resistors in parallel is less than that of either resistor by itself

　　描述兩個電阻并聯(lián)的合電阻大于其中的任意一個電阻.

　　2-state the advantages of connecting lamps in parallel in a lighting circuit

　　說明照明電路中并聯(lián)燈泡的優(yōu)點.

　　3-describe the action of a variable potential divider(potentiometer)

　　描述分壓器的作用.

　　4-describe the action of thermistors and light dependent resistors and show

　　understanding of their use as input transducers

　　描述熱敏電阻和光敏電阻的作用并且理解它們作為輸入導(dǎo)體的作用.

　　5-describe the action of a capacitor as an energy store and show understanding of its use in time delay circuits

　　描述電容作為能量儲存的作用和理解它在延遲電路中的作用.

　　6-describe the action of a relay and show understanding of its use in switching circuits

　　描述延遲的作用和理解它在開關(guān)電路中的作用.

　　7-calculate the effective resistance of two resistors in parallel

　　計算兩個電阻并聯(lián)的有效電阻.

　　8-describe the action of a diode and show understanding of its use as a rectifier

　　描述二極管的作用和說明理解它作為一個校正器的作用.

　　9-describe the action of a transistor as an electrically operated switch and show understanding of its use in switching circuits

　　描述晶體三極管作為操作開關(guān)的作用和理解它在開關(guān)電路中的作用。

　　10-recognize and show understanding of circuits operating as light sensitive

　　switches and temperature operated alarms(using a relay or a transistor)

　　辨認和理解燈控和溫度控制開關(guān)電路（用延遲和電晶體）

　　11-explain and use the terms digital and analogue

　　解釋和用數(shù)字和模擬量

　　12 state that logic gates are circuits containing transistors and other Components

　　說明邏輯門電路包括晶體三極管和其它元件.

　　13-describe the action of NOT,AND,OR,NAND and NOR gates

　　描述非,與,或,與非和或非門.

　　14-design and understand simple digital circuits combining several logic gates

　　設(shè)計和理解幾個邏輯門的復(fù)合電路。

　　15-state and use the symbols for logic gates(the American ANSI#Y 32.14 symbols will be used)

　　描述和用邏輯門的符號。

　　4.4 Dangers of electricity電的危害

　　1-state the hazards of描述這些危害

　　(i)damaged insulation絕緣層損壞

　　(ii)overheating of cables電纜的溫度過高

　　(iii)damp conditions衰減（阻尼）條件

　　2-show an understanding of the use of fuses and circuit-breakers

　　描述和理解保險絲和斷路器的作用。

　　4.5 Electromagnetic effects電磁效果

　　(a)Electromagnetic induction電磁感應(yīng)

　　3-describe an experiment which shows that a changing magnetic field can induce an e.m.f.in a circuit

　　描述一個實驗可以改變磁場產(chǎn)生感應(yīng)電動勢在電路中。

　　4-state the factors affecting the magnitude of an induced e.m.f.

　　說明影響電動勢大小的因素。

　　5-show understanding that the direction of an induced e.m.f.opposes the change causing it

　　說明感應(yīng)電動勢的方向和與改變方向相反。

　　(b)a.c.generator交流發(fā)電機

　　1-describe a rotating-coil generator and the use of slip rings

　　描述一個轉(zhuǎn)動線圈發(fā)電機和用集電環(huán)。

　　2-sketch a graph of voltage output against time for a simple a.c.generator

　　畫出一個簡單的交流發(fā)電機輸出電壓-時間圖像。

　　(c)Transformer變壓器

　　1-describe the construction of a basic iron cored transformer as used for voltage transformations描述一個堿性鐵心變壓器的結(jié)構(gòu)用來轉(zhuǎn)換電壓。

　　2-recall and use the equation(Vp/Vs)=(Np/Ns)

　　記住和用等式（Vp/Vs=Np/Ns）

　　3-describe the principle of operation of a transformer

　　描述變壓器的工作原理

　　4-recall and use the equation Vp lp=Vs Is(for 100%efficiency)

　　記住和用等式VpIp=VsIs

　　(d)The magnetic effect of a current電流的磁效應(yīng)

　　1-describe the use of the transformer in high-voltage transmission of electricity

　　描述和用高電壓變壓器傳送電。

　　2-give the advantages of high voltage transmission給出高電壓傳送的優(yōu)點。

　　3-describe the pattern of the magnetic field due to currents in straight wires and in solenoids描述指導(dǎo)線電流和螺線圈磁場的模型。

　　4-describe applications of the magnetic effect of current,including the action of a relay

　　描述電磁相互作用的應(yīng)用，包括傳送的作用。

　　5-explain why energy losses in cables are lower when the voltage is high

　　描述為什么當電壓很高時電纜中能量會損失。

　　6-state the qualitative variation of the strength of the magnetic field over salient parts of the pattern定性的描述磁場強度會變化通過比較突出的模型。

　　7-describe the effect on the magnetic field of changing the magnitude and direction of the current描述電流的大小和方向變化對磁場的影響。

　　(e)Force on a current carrying conductor載流導(dǎo)體上的力

　　1-describe an experiment to show that a force acts on a current-carrying conductor in a magnetic field,including the effect of reversing:(i)the current(ii)the direction of the field

　　描述一個實驗說明在磁場中作用在載流導(dǎo)體的力，包括改變（i）電流（ii）磁場的方向

　　2-describe an experiment to show the corresponding force on beams of charged particles

　　描述一個實驗說明一束帶電粒子所受力。

　　3-state and use the relative directions of force,field and current

　　說明力的方向，場的方向和電流的方向的關(guān)系。

　　(f)d.c.motor直流電動機

　　1-state that a current-carrying coil in a magnetic field experiences a turning effect and that the effect is increased by increasing the number of turns on the coil

　　描述帶電線圈在磁場中的轉(zhuǎn)動效果和線圈匝數(shù)增多對其轉(zhuǎn)動的影響。

　　2-relate this turning effect to the action of an electric motor

　　聯(lián)系轉(zhuǎn)動效果和電動機的作用。

　　3-describe the effect of increasing the current

　　描述影響電流增加的因素。

　　4.6 Cathode ray oscilloscopes陰極射線示波器

　　(a)Cathode rays陰極射線

　　1-describe the production and detection of cathode rays

　　描述陰極射線的產(chǎn)生和發(fā)現(xiàn)。

　　2-describe their deflection in electric fields

　　描述陰極射線在電場中的偏轉(zhuǎn)

　　3-state that the particles emitted in thermionic emission are electrons

　　描述在熱電子發(fā)射的粒子是電子。

　　(b)Simple treatment of cathode-ray oscilloscope

　　論及簡單的陰極射線示波器。

　　1-describe in outline the basic structure an action of a cathode-ray oscilloscope(detailed circuits are not required)

　　扼要的描述陰極射線示波器的基本結(jié)構(gòu)。

　　2-use and describe the use of a cathode-ray oscilloscope to display waveforms

　　用和描述用陰極示波器展示波形。

　　5.Atomic Physics原子學(xué)物理

　　5.1 Radioactivity放射

　　(a)Detection of radioactivity放射性的發(fā)現(xiàn)

　　1-show awareness of the existence of background radiation

　　說明背景輻射存在的意識。

　　2-describe the detection ofα-particles,β-particles andγ-rays(β+is not included:β-particles will be taken to refer toβ-.)

　　描述α粒子β粒子γ射線的發(fā)現(xiàn)

　　(b)Characteristics of the three kinds of emission三種射線的性質(zhì)

　　1-state that radioactive emissions occur randomly over space and time

　　描述放射性的輻射在時間和空間的隨機行

　　2-state,for radioactive emissions:

　　(i)their nature

　　(ii)their relative ionising effects

　　(iii)their relative penetrating abilities

　　描述放射性的輻射（i）它們的類型（ii）他們的相對電離效應(yīng)

　?。╥ii）相對靈敏能力

　　3-describe their deflection in electric fields and magnetic fields

　　描述他們在電場和磁場中的偏轉(zhuǎn)。

　　4-interpret their relative ionising effects解釋他們相對的電離效應(yīng)。

　　(c)Radioactive decay放射性衰變

　　1-state the meaning of radioactive decay,using equations(involving words or symbols)to represent changes in the composition of the nucleus when particles are emitted

　　描述放射性衰變的意義，用等式表示當粒子被釋放的時候原子核結(jié)構(gòu)的變化。

　　(d)Half-life半衰期

　　1-use the term half-life in simple calculations which might involve information in tables or decay curves用表格的信息或衰變曲線簡單的計算半衰期。

　　(e)Safety precautions安全預(yù)防措施

　　1-describe how radioactive materials are handled,used and stored in a safe way

　　描述輻射性材料怎樣危險，安全的使用和儲存。

　　5.2 The nuclear atom核型原子

　　(a)Atomic model原子模型

　　1-describe the structure of an atom in terms of a nucleus and electrons

　　用原子核和核外電子描述原子的結(jié)構(gòu)。

　　2-describe how the scattering ofα-particles by thin metal foils provides evidence for the nuclear atom描述α粒子通過金屬箔的散射提供了核型原子的證據(jù)

　　(b)Nucleus原子核