IB心理學(xué)：生物學(xué)方法的關(guān)鍵術(shù)語(yǔ)詞匯匯總

 

今天我們接著看IB心理學(xué)生物學(xué)方法。生物學(xué)方法是通過(guò)檢查生物因素來(lái)研究行為。下面的詞匯表將幫助同學(xué)了解這些因素是什么？了解關(guān)鍵術(shù)語(yǔ)的含義是學(xué)習(xí)任何心理學(xué)主題的第一步。

以下A加未來(lái)張老師給大家整理的IB心理學(xué)中生物學(xué)方法的關(guān)鍵術(shù)語(yǔ)及其定義列表。

主要詞匯表

The biological approach to understanding human behavior:Trying to understand human cognition and behaviour by looking at how they’re affected by biological factors.

理解人類行為的生物學(xué)方法：通過(guò)研究人類的認(rèn)知和行為如何受到生物學(xué)因素的影響來(lái)嘗試?yán)斫馑鼈儭?/span>

Technological techniques (used to study the brain): A range of new technologicaltechniques used to study the relationships between the brain and behavior, e.g. fMRI / MRI / PET / EEG (You should be able to summarize how at least one of these work, e.g. fMRI is a brain imaging technique that uses magnetic fields to measure brain activity.

?技術(shù)技術(shù)（用于研究大腦）：用于研究大腦與行為之間關(guān)系的一系列新技術(shù)，例如fMRI / MRI / PET / EEG（相信大家能總結(jié)出至少其中一種是如何工作的，例如，fMRI是一種大腦成像技術(shù)，它使用磁場(chǎng)來(lái)測(cè)量大腦活動(dòng)。

?Localization (of brain function): The term used to describe how different parts of the brain perform different functions.

?（大腦功能的）定位：該術(shù)語(yǔ)用于描述大腦的不同部分如何執(zhí)行不同的功能。

?Neuroplasticity: The brain’s ability to change as a result of experience.

?神經(jīng)可塑性：根據(jù)經(jīng)驗(yàn)，大腦的變化能力。

?Neurotransmitter: A chemical messenger that sends messages along neural pathways. A variety of these have been identified and associated with different behaviours.

?神經(jīng)遞質(zhì)：一種化學(xué)信使，可以沿著神經(jīng)途徑發(fā)送信息。已經(jīng)確定了其中的各種，并與不同的行為相關(guān)聯(lián)。

?Neurotransmission: The process of neurons sending signals to each other – they send signals and communicate with one another through neurotransmitters.

?神經(jīng)傳遞：神經(jīng)元彼此發(fā)送信號(hào)的過(guò)程-它們發(fā)送信號(hào)并通過(guò)神經(jīng)遞質(zhì)彼此通信。 

?Hormone: A chemical messenger that is transported through the bloodstream. These messengers affect physiological processes and behaviour.

?激素：通過(guò)血液運(yùn)輸?shù)幕瘜W(xué)信使。這些信使會(huì)影響生理過(guò)程和行為。

?Pheromone: A chemical messenger that is sent from one animal and it has an effect on a different animal.

?信息素：一種從動(dòng)物身上發(fā)出的化學(xué)信使，它對(duì)另一只動(dòng)物有影響。

?Gene: A sequence of DNA. They have an effect on behaviour through gene expression – the sending of signals from the gene to outside the cell.

?基因：DNA序列。它們通過(guò)基因表達(dá)對(duì)行為產(chǎn)生影響-從基因向細(xì)胞外部發(fā)送信號(hào)。

?Genetic similarities: The use of people with similar genes in research, e.g. identical (monozygotic) and fraternal (dizygotic) twins. These are used as variables in studies on the relative effect of genes on behaviour (e.g. heritability).

?遺傳相似性：在研究中使用具有相似基因的人，例如同卵（單卵）和異卵（雙卵）。這些在研究基因?qū)π袨椋ɡ邕z傳性）的相對(duì)影響時(shí)用作變量。

?Twin study: A twin study uses MZ and DZ twins and compares their behaviour in order to measure heritability.

?孿生研究：孿生研究使用MZ和DZ孿生并比較其行為以測(cè)量遺傳力。

?Evolutionary explanation of behavior: Explaining how a behaviour helps an individual to pass on their genes by helping them to survive, procreate and/or produce healthy offspring (children).

?行為的進(jìn)化解釋：解釋行為如何通過(guò)幫助個(gè)體生存，繁殖和/或繁殖健康的后代（兒童）來(lái)幫助個(gè)體遺傳。

?Animal model (HL): The use of animals in research to understand how biological factors affect behaviour. (The term can refer to the specific animals themselves, but can also refer to the general explanation of biology and behaviour that is gained from the animal experiment/s.)

?動(dòng)物模型（HL）：在研究中使用動(dòng)物來(lái)了解生物學(xué)因素如何影響行為。（該術(shù)語(yǔ)可以指特定動(dòng)物本身，但也可以指從動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)中獲得的生物學(xué)和行為的一般解釋。）

了解這些術(shù)語(yǔ)是第一步，想獲得高分，同學(xué)們要能進(jìn)行延伸并能夠?yàn)檫@些主題中的一些給出具體的示例，并對(duì)它們進(jìn)行定義。以下是部分延伸詞匯：

附加詞匯

?Neural network: A series of connected neurons that allows the processing and transmitting of information. Specific networks are responsible for specific tasks.

?神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)：一系列連接的神經(jīng)元，允許處理和傳輸信息。特定的網(wǎng)絡(luò)負(fù)責(zé)特定的任務(wù)。

?Neural pruning: (aka Synaptic pruning) This happens when we lose these synaptic connections in a neural network because we do not use them.

?神經(jīng)修剪：（又名突觸修剪）當(dāng)我們由于不使用它們而在神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)中丟失這些突觸連接時(shí)，會(huì)發(fā)生這種情況。

?Synapse: The space between two neurons where neurotransmitters are fired.

?突觸：發(fā)射神經(jīng)遞質(zhì)的兩個(gè)神經(jīng)元之間的空間。

?Excitatory neurotransmitter: An excitatory neurotransmitter binds to receptor sites and increases the chances of the post-synaptic neuron firing (sending a signal).

?興奮性神經(jīng)遞質(zhì)：興奮性神經(jīng)遞質(zhì)與受體位點(diǎn)結(jié)合，增加突觸后神經(jīng)元激發(fā)的機(jī)會(huì)（發(fā)送信號(hào)）。

?Inhibitory neurotransmitter: A neurotransmitter that binds to receptor sites and reduces the chances of the post-synaptic neuron firing (sending a signal).

?抑制性神經(jīng)遞質(zhì)：一種與受體位點(diǎn)結(jié)合并減少突觸后神經(jīng)元放電（發(fā)送信號(hào)）的機(jī)會(huì)的神經(jīng)遞質(zhì)。

?Agonist: A chemical that amplifies the effect of a neurotransmitter by binding to the receptor sites of that neurotransmitter and activating them.

?激動(dòng)劑：一種化學(xué)物質(zhì)，可通過(guò)與神經(jīng)遞質(zhì)的受體位點(diǎn)結(jié)合并激活它們來(lái)放大神經(jīng)遞質(zhì)的作用。

?Antagonist: A chemical that reduces the effect of a neurotransmitter by binding to and blocking the receptor sites of that neurotransmitter.

?拮抗劑：一種化學(xué)物質(zhì)，通過(guò)結(jié)合并阻斷神經(jīng)遞質(zhì)的受體位點(diǎn)來(lái)降低神經(jīng)遞質(zhì)的作用。

?Neuron: A neuron is a type of cell that receives, processes, and transmits information through electrical and chemical signals.

?神經(jīng)元：神經(jīng)元是一種通過(guò)電和化學(xué)信號(hào)接收，處理和傳輸信息的細(xì)胞。

以上就是老師給大家整理的IB心理學(xué)中生物學(xué)方法的關(guān)鍵術(shù)語(yǔ)及其定義列表。相信大家通過(guò)對(duì)這些關(guān)鍵術(shù)語(yǔ)的了解和記憶，可以快速提高對(duì)心理學(xué)的認(rèn)知和了解，最終獲得自己滿意的成績(jī)。