ACT寫作考試中三種常見的論證方法介紹
在ACT寫作考試中,我們經(jīng)常會需要針對某一話題進(jìn)行分析和論證,因此熟練運(yùn)用好常見的論證法會與我們ACT寫作考試提升有著很大的幫助。下面A加未來小編就帶大家分析ACT寫作考試中的三種常見論證方法,一起來了解一下吧!
一、舉例論證
舉例論證是議論文中的一種方法。通過列舉真實(shí)、可靠,有代表性的事例證明論點(diǎn)。通過列舉典型事例,具體有力地證明了中心論點(diǎn),增強(qiáng)了說服力。在ACT寫作改革后,話題不再局限于教育類的題目,而是更廣泛的社會類或者其他更加抽象的題目,所以可以利用舉例論證的方式增強(qiáng)話題的真實(shí)性。舉例論證的時候盡量避免俗例或沒有代表性的例子,而是舉一些如名人、有代表性的事例。
例證可以分為事例和語例兩類。
事例:以當(dāng)前的或者歷史的事件或人物作例證。
語例:用專家、學(xué)者、知名人士等的話作例證。
舊版滿分作文:
【例2】
As machines increasingly perform all our basic tasks,society is able to produce more.The additional production adds material value to our society and frees people up from these low-skill tasks.This is in agreement with Perspective Two which claims that this industrialization leads to more prosperity.For example,in the 18th century,short-staple cotton that was grown in the Southern United States required an immense amount of labor in order to seperate the seeds from the fiber to process the cotton to make it marketable.However,in the mid-19th century,Eli Whitney,an American entrepreneur,invented the cotton gin,which allowed for automation of cotton processing.This machine replaced the need of a large work force for the process and greatly improved production.As a result of the cotton gin,short-staple cotton production skyrocketed,increasing by more than 10 times in the South while bringing prosperity to the region and setting in motion a new industrial era in America.
這一段的觀點(diǎn)是Society is able to produce more.作者在這里引用cotton gin的例子,來說明machine代替人類之后,明顯的produce more。運(yùn)用具體的歷史事件來說明觀點(diǎn)。
具體的事件包括哪些部分?我們來分析一下:
When-in the 18th century
What—short-staple cotton
Where—in the Southern United States
Why—required an immense amount of labor in order to…
Who—Eli Whitney
Function-replaced the need of a large work force
Result-increasing by more than 10 times and setting in motion…
具體的事例在列舉的過程中包括了時間、地點(diǎn)、人物、事件以及作用與影響。
但是也有另外一些舉例方式,如新版滿分作文三個body段的三個例子:
【例3】
For example,in the automotive industry,most of a car’s individual components are manufactured by pre-programmed robots which have much greater and more precise output than would be possible for a human.
【例4】
For example,before the first airplane was invented,people could only dream of human flight,but at the moment of takeoff,a whole new world of unimaginable possibilities was suddenly within our grasp.
【例5】
Take the example of self checkout systems in grocery stores.Self checkout permits consumers to procure their goods and get out of the store quickly.
作者在三段運(yùn)用了三個例子,分別是robots,airplane和self checkout,每個例子并沒有給出具體的時間地點(diǎn)原因等,僅用一句話來概括例子的引用的事物。
在舉例論證的時候,包括簡單例證和復(fù)雜例證。
簡單例證是用一兩句話來概括事件,復(fù)雜例證是指完整的、詳細(xì)的舉例。大家在寫作的過程中,要根據(jù)時間的多少、篇幅長短和論證的深入程度,善于結(jié)合利用簡單例證和復(fù)雜例證。
舉例需要注意的問題有哪些呢?
1、要緊扣論點(diǎn),并注意所舉例子與論點(diǎn)的結(jié)合。舉例論證時,所舉事例必須與所論證的觀點(diǎn)緊密相扣,這才能起到論證的作用。在選擇事例時,就要看事例本身是否能證明所述觀點(diǎn)的合理性。同時,由于事例往往能夠從多個角度證明問題,因此,在敘述事例時,還要有意識地突出事例中與論點(diǎn)相扣的一面,不能泛泛而談。
2、舉例后要稍加分析。舉例是為了說理,舉例過程中或概述事例之后要對事例作適當(dāng)?shù)姆治?,來說明它為什么能支持你的論點(diǎn),指出它與論點(diǎn)之間的聯(lián)系。有很多同學(xué)舉例時寫了一堆事件,然后結(jié)束。甚至并沒提到論點(diǎn)出現(xiàn)的詞,單純的羅列事物就會造成事理脫節(jié),舉例效果不強(qiáng)。
舉例論證常用的標(biāo)志詞有哪些呢?
如for example,for instance,take…as an illustration,As is illustrated by…,take…as an example,take the case of…as an example
二、因果論證
ACT考試中,因果論證是比較常見也是大多數(shù)同學(xué)使用較多的論證方法,但是通常情況下寫出的因果論證并不深入。對于多重原因的事物,如果只停留在其中的某個層面上,把它當(dāng)成最終因素,論點(diǎn)就可能不深刻,也難以把問題說透。這樣的因果論證,其說服力是有限的。
這種情況,應(yīng)當(dāng)一層一層地追究下去,一直到找出最終極的原因?yàn)橹?。一般來說,越是表層的原因,越是為大家所熟知的,其論證力也就越有限;越深層的原因,就越能說明問題的實(shí)質(zhì),就越有說服力。以舊版本滿分范文里面的一段話為例:
【例1】
The replacement of humans by machines leads to the loss of value to human life,an effect that outweighs the material gains of automation.The search to find human tasks that can be performed by machines inevitably leads to comparisons between the human and the machine.If a company executive wants to see if a inventory management team can be replaced by a robotic system,he will compare the two and determine which can do a better job.When this occurs,the people on the team are evaluated not for their worth as human beings,but for their effectiveness at performing a specific function—in essence,as we would evaluate a machine.In a larger sense,when we begin to think about humans in this way,the worth of a person’s life becomes dependent on only what they can do and no longer has any intrinsic value.As Perspective One states,we begin to lose our humanity.This new mindset and way of evaluating people,though seemingly harmless in the workplace,is devastating when it begins to pervade a society.If a person is judged only on his or her capability,there is no reason for a person to remain after they have served their function.This would warrant genocide against the elderly and the disabled because their burden on society would not be made up for by any production.Although the machines may seem to only fulfill the low skill jobs at the moment,there is no barrier to prevent the machines from replacing more.As the machines increase in intelligence,they will replace any tasks done by humans and render us unnecessary and worthless.
這個段落的主題句是The replacement of humans by machines leads to the loss of value to human life.機(jī)器代替人類將會使人的生命失去價值。之后運(yùn)用因果論證方式來詳細(xì)展開,邏輯關(guān)系如下:
human tasks be performed by machines;
comparisons between human and machine;
a company will compare the two;
people are evaluated not for their worth as human beings,but for their effectiveness at performing a specific function;
the worth of a person’s life depends on their capacity;
person no reason to remain after serving their function;
genocide against the elderly and the disabled.
最后作者又論證了genocide產(chǎn)生的原因,也就是their burden on society would not be made up for by any production。從這個論證過程可以看出,作者論證了machines的使用會導(dǎo)致genocide的過程,中間缺少任何一個環(huán)節(jié)就不能推出最終的結(jié)果。由此可見掌握ACT寫作技巧也是很重要的。
通過這個例子我們看到,在運(yùn)用因果論證的時候,需要注意:
1、緊扣文章的論點(diǎn),突出原因分析與議題、論點(diǎn)結(jié)合的緊密性;
2、因果論證層層推進(jìn),遵循A導(dǎo)致B,B導(dǎo)致C,C導(dǎo)致D的論證方式,中間不能出現(xiàn)邏輯斷層,保證邏輯的嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)性和深入性。
因果論證的一些常見標(biāo)志詞有哪些呢?
文章中出現(xiàn)了如because,warrant,lead to
等表示因果關(guān)系的詞,除此之外,表達(dá)因果關(guān)系常用的詞或短語還有:
consequently,thus,result from,originate from,since,thus,therefore,be responsible for等。
記住以上這些高頻詞,會讓你的ACT寫作論證時更出彩的。
三、假設(shè)論證
ACT考試真題,假設(shè)論證是運(yùn)用假設(shè)推理對論點(diǎn)進(jìn)行分析的一種情況。
假設(shè)論證有兩種形式:真實(shí)假設(shè)、非真實(shí)假設(shè)。
真實(shí)假設(shè):
假設(shè)一個可能會發(fā)生的情況。如關(guān)于電子產(chǎn)品的好處與壞處,假設(shè)這個社會普及電子產(chǎn)品,或者人們過度使用電子產(chǎn)品,將會出現(xiàn)什么樣的狀況。
非真實(shí)假設(shè):
假設(shè)一個不可能發(fā)生的情況。如關(guān)于電子產(chǎn)品的好處與壞處,我們假設(shè)不存在電子產(chǎn)品,將會出現(xiàn)什么樣的生活,進(jìn)而論證我們是需要電子產(chǎn)品的。而我們目前以及以后的生活中,不存在電子產(chǎn)品這種情況是不可能發(fā)生的,所以這就是非真實(shí)假設(shè),從反面來論證論點(diǎn)的合理性。
同樣拿上一段話為例:
Sentence 1:If a company executive wants to see…
Sentence 2:When this occurs,the people on the team…
Sentence 3:If a person is judged only on his or her capability…
在論證machines讓人lose human value時,作者數(shù)次運(yùn)用假設(shè)論證。
句1:假設(shè)如果公司的管理者想要知道robotic system是不是能代替inventory team,將會導(dǎo)致comparison的發(fā)生。
句2:當(dāng)這種現(xiàn)象發(fā)生的時候,人們的價值不在于人性的價值,而在于完成一項(xiàng)工作的效率。
句3:如果對一個人的判斷取決于能力大小,那么發(fā)揮完功能就不再有作用。
假設(shè)論證的一些常見標(biāo)志詞有哪些呢?
如if,suppose,assume,provided that,in case…
總結(jié)
通過以上三種論證方式的分析,我們能夠發(fā)現(xiàn)一個問題,因果論證、假設(shè)論證和舉例論證并不是孤立存在的,而是可以共同使用的,三種論證方式可以相互包含使用。當(dāng)然,議論文的寫作還有其他論證方式,本文為大家分析了最常見也最容易操作的幾種。同學(xué)們在ACT寫作的備考過程中,要有意識的去訓(xùn)練這三種論證方法,從而增強(qiáng)文章的邏輯性。
怎么樣,以上這三種ACT寫作考試中的論證法大家是不是都掌握了呢?更多ACT考試備考問題,歡迎隨時咨詢我們的在線老師,讓專業(yè)的ACT輔導(dǎo)老師一對一為你提供輔導(dǎo)和培訓(xùn)吧!

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